Course 02 of 20 · LNG Desk Academy

Quantities, Quality & Energy Conversion

Stage A, Market and cargo fundamentals. Level 1 of 10.

LNG unit arithmetic: converting between cubic metres, tonnes, MMBtu and MWh through composition and gross heating value, and reading a quality certificate.

108 chapters · 11 modules · every chapter one 8 to 10 minute explainer · builds on: Course 01

Enrol or enquire See the 108 chapters
How a chapter is sized

One chapter is one idea taken to the point of use

Each chapter is a single self-contained explainer of 8 to 10 narrated minutes, covering one idea to the point where you can use it.

Chapters run in order. Each one assumes only what the chapters before it taught, and capability belonging to a later course is named and deferred rather than half-covered.

Curriculum

11 modules · 108 chapters

Open any module for its full chapter list, in teaching order.

M0 Why a Cargo Is Sold as Energy Ch 1-9
  1. Why a Cargo Is Paid For in Energy
  2. The Four Units a Single Cargo Is Quoted In
  3. Why Several Units Coexist and Nobody Harmonises Them
  4. The Conversion Chain in Outline
  5. Loaded Quantity and Delivered Quantity Are Not the Same Number
  6. Who Determines the Figure on an LNG Transfer
  7. The Documents One Cargo Generates
  8. Measured, Calculated and Certified
  9. What This Material Settles and What It Hands On
M1 The Cryogenic Liquid Itself Ch 10-18
  1. What LNG Physically Is in the Tank
  2. Liquid Volume, Gas Volume and the Expansion Ratio
  3. Why the Expansion Ratio Is Not a Fixed Number
  4. The Density of LNG and What Sets It
  5. Calculating Liquid Density from Composition
  6. Which Density Method the Agreement Names
  7. Saturation Pressure and the Boiling Liquid
  8. One Tank Expressed Four Ways
  9. Why Mass Is the Honest Middle Term
M2 Composition and What Each Component Does Ch 19-29
  1. The Component Slate on an LNG Analysis
  2. Mole Fraction as the Working Basis
  3. Methane: the Bulk and the Baseline
  4. Ethane and Propane: Where Richness Comes From
  5. Butanes and Pentanes: Small Fractions, Large Leverage
  6. Nitrogen: the Component That Pays Nothing
  7. Lean and Rich Cargoes as Commercial Categories
  8. Molar Mass of the Cargo
  9. How a Cargo's Composition Changes Before It Is Measured
  10. Stratification and Rollover in a Storage Tank
  11. Cross-Checking a Certificate's Derived Properties
M3 Heating Value and the Energy Basis Ch 30-39
  1. Gross Heating Value as the LNG Trading Basis
  2. Net Heating Value and Where It Still Appears
  3. Heating Value per Tonne, per Cubic Metre and per Standard Volume
  4. Computing Gross Heating Value from the Analysis
  5. Reference Conditions Attached to a Heating Value
  6. Which Basis the Sale Agreement Fixes
  7. Importing a Figure Quoted on Another Basis
  8. The Energy per Tonne Figure and Its Real Range
  9. Megawatt Hours and the European Energy Basis
  10. A Heating Value Shift Read Through to Energy
M4 The Conversion Chain, Step by Step Ch 40-49
  1. Step One: the Gauged Liquid Level
  2. Step Two: Level to Volume Through the Tank Table
  3. Step Three: Liquid Temperature and the Density Input
  4. Step Four: Volume to Mass
  5. Step Five: Mass to Energy in the Liquid
  6. Step Six: the Gas Displaced From the Tanks
  7. Step Seven: Gas Consumed or Returned During Transfer
  8. Step Eight: the Figure That Reaches the Certificate
  9. The Whole Chain on One Cargo
  10. The Same Chain Run With Two Errors In It
M5 Custody Transfer Measurement on the Vessel Ch 50-60
  1. The Vessel as the Measuring Instrument
  2. Cargo Tank Calibration Tables and Their Cold Correction
  3. Level Gauging Systems on an LNG Carrier
  4. Taking the Opening and Closing Gauges
  5. List and Trim Correction on a Loaded Carrier
  6. Liquid Temperature Measurement in a Cargo Tank
  7. Vapour Space Pressure and Temperature
  8. Sampling LNG Without Changing What It Is
  9. From Vaporised Sample to the Composition Used
  10. Shore Tank Measurement as the Alternative Route
  11. Ship and Shore Figures Both Correct and Still Different
M6 Boil-Off as a Quantity Ch 61-70
  1. Boil-Off Gas: Heat In, Quantity Out
  2. Insulation, Heat Ingress and the Daily Rate
  3. Preferential Boil-Off and the Nitrogen First Effect
  4. Ageing: How a Cargo Gets Richer at Sea
  5. Density and Heating Value of an Aged Cargo
  6. Projecting the Discharge Composition From the Load Analysis
  7. Boil-Off Burnt, Boil-Off Reliquefied, Boil-Off Vented
  8. Who Owns the Boil-Off
  9. Boil-Off During Loading and During Port Stay
  10. A Voyage Quantity Account From Load to Discharge
M7 Heel, Cooldown and the Return Leg Ch 71-79
  1. Heel: the LNG Deliberately Left Behind
  2. Sizing the Heel for the Ballast Leg
  3. Measuring What Remains On Board
  4. Cooldown: the Liquid Spent to Chill a Tank
  5. Warm-Up, Gas-Freeing and a Total Discharge
  6. The Opening Quantity at the Load Port
  7. Reconciling Loaded, Discharged and Retained
  8. When the Heel Decision Is Commercial
  9. Heel and the Energy Figure on the Next Cargo
M8 The Quality Certificate and the Receipt Specification Ch 80-91
  1. The Quality Certificate, Part One: Provenance
  2. The Quality Certificate, Part Two: the Composition Block
  3. The Quality Certificate, Part Three: Derived Properties
  4. The Certificate of Quantity and How the Two Pair
  5. Receiving Terminal Specifications and What They Bind
  6. The Wobbe Index of a Cargo
  7. Whether a Terminal Can Physically Take a Rich Cargo
  8. Nitrogen Injection at the Receiving Terminal
  9. Blending Two Cargoes to Meet a Band
  10. Trace Components and the Limits That Catch Them
  11. Methane Number and the Engine Buyer
  12. An Off-Specification Cargo as a Quantity Problem
M9 Evidence and Uncertainty Ch 92-99
  1. Uncertainty in a Cargo Energy Determination
  2. Which Input Dominates the Cargo Uncertainty
  3. The Independent Surveyor and What a Signature Means
  4. Measurement Methods Incorporated by Reference
  5. Deemed Values When a Measurement Fails
  6. Rounding and Precision in the Certified Figure
  7. The Measurement Evidence Pack for One Cargo
  8. Two Figures, Both Defensible, Still Apart
M10 Applying the Whole Capability Ch 100-108
  1. A Full Cargo, Part One: the Load Port Determination
  2. A Full Cargo, Part Two: the Voyage Account
  3. A Full Cargo, Part Three: Discharge and the Certificate
  4. One Cargo Reported to Four Counterparties
  5. A Rich Cargo Offered Into a Lean Market
  6. Reconciling a Contract Written in Two Units
  7. Checking Someone Else's Conversion in Two Minutes
  8. What a Determination Cannot Do
  9. The Conversions Every Later Course Assumes

The brochure gives each of these 108 chapters a paragraph on what it covers and what you can do once you have worked through it.

This is course 2 of twenty

It stands alone, and it is also the entry point to the LNG Desk Academy pathway.

Enrol or enquire See the whole pathway